Resumo de inglês

Resumo de Inglês

Pronomes pessoais

Falando de pessoas e coisas

Sujeito, objeto e reflexivos

Antes do Verbo Sujeito	Depois do verbo	Ênfase ou reflexivo
I	Me	Myself
You	You	Yourself
He	Him	Himself
She	Her	Herself
It	It	Itself
You	You	Yourselves
We	Us	Ourselves
They	Them	Themselves

Pronomes Possessivos

Exprimindo o conceito de posse

Associado a um substantivo	Evitando a repetição de um substantivo já mencionado
My girl	Mine
Your problem	Yours
His mother	His
Her teacher	Hers
Its color	Its
Our school	Ours
Your system	Yours
Their opinion	Theirs

Caso genitivo

Exprimindo o conceito de posse

Apóstrofe (‘) ou apóstrofe + s (‘s)

Regra	Uso	Exemplo
Substantivo singular terminado em S	‘s	The princess’s dress
Substantivo plural irregular	‘s	The children’s toys
Substantivo ou nome próprio	‘s	John and Mary’s house
Mesma coisa possuída por duas pessoas	‘s	John’s and Mary’s families
Substantivo plural em S	‘	The boys’ school

Ortografia:

Regra	Processo	Exemplo
Palavras terminadas em sh, ch, s, x, z	Plural ou 3ª pessoa do singular dos verbos em ES	Watches Washes Fixes Dresses Buzzes

Regra	Processo	Exemplo
As 13 palavras em f ou fe	VES	Knife = Knives Life = Lives Wife = wives Wolf = wolves

Lista: Calf, Elf, Half, Leaf, Loaf, Self, Sheaf, Shelf, Thief

Substantivos irregulares	Plural geralmente em E	Tradução
Man	Men	Homem
Woman	Women	Mulher
Foot	Feet	Pé
Tooth	Teeth	Dente
Goose	Geese	Ganso
Child	Children	Criança

Quantitativos e intensificadores

Exprimindo quantidades contáveis e incontáveis e intensificando relações

Português	Inglês	Regra
Muitos Poucos Alguns Menos Mais	Many Few A few Fewer More	Substantivos Contáveis No plural
Muito Pouco Algum Menos Mais	Much Little A little Less More	Substantivos Incontáveis No singular

Many Much =  A lot of, Lots of, plenty of

Very – adjetivos = Very good          - Advérbios = Very well

Artigos

Definindo ou indefinindo as coisas

The

Uso	Exemplo
Sentido Particular	The world is changing
Acidentes geográficos	The Pacific Ocean
Superlativos	The most interesting sight in Brasil
Numerais Ordinais	Today is May the 10th
Países compostos	The United States

Não - Uso	Exemplo
Sentido Geral	Silenceis gold
Nomes próprios	Tony is my friend
Possessivos	My Girl-friend lives here

A (n)

Uso	Exemplo
Substantivo singular indefinido concreto	A house, a man, a teacher, a horse Na egg, na hour, na honest deputy

Não - Uso	Exemplo
Plural Substantivos incontáveis	Houses for sale Money is not all

Comparativos e superlativos

Estabelecendo comparações

Comparativo Envolve sempre 2 pólos
Inferioridade	Menos... que Less... than	You are less tall than I.
Igualdade	Tanto... quanto	You’re as tall as I
Superioridade	Mais... que -er... than More... than	ER para adjetivos até duas sílabas, more para os demais He is taller than you He is more intelligent than his dad.

Formas irregulares

Bom: Good, Better, The Best

Mau: Bad, Worse, Rhe worst

Longe: Far, Farther, The farthest

Superioridade

O mais The –est The most

Est para adjetivos até duas sílabas, most para os demais She is the funniest person in class She is the most beatiful girl in town

Pronomes Relativos

Termo antecedente	Função Sintática	Opções	Exemplos
Pessoa	Sujeito	Who That	The man Who lives is a coward    That Edward II, Who lied to his wife, was killed
	Objeto	Whom Who That Omissão	3. The man whom you are talking about is dead Who                        That                         --- 4. Edward II, Whom you are talking about, is dead. 5. Edward II, about whom you’re talking, is dead
Coisa	Sujeito	Which That	6. the book which is a Best seller is good        that
	Obejto	Which That Omissão	7. the book which I bought is good                    That 8. Estorvo, which I bought yesterday, is good

Pronomes interrogativos

Fazendo perguntas

Português	Inglês	Exemplo
O que	What	What does He do for a living?
Qual	What (escolha aberta) Which (escolha fechada)	What is your name? Which do you prefer: the blue shirt or the Brown one?
Onde	Where	Where do you live?
Quem	Who (sujeito) Who (m) (objeto)	Who works for you? Who(m) did you see?
Por que	Why	Why are you doing thisw
Quando	When	When Will she come?
Como	How	How do you say “quente” in English
A que horas	What time	What time is the concert?
De quem	Whose (posse)	Whose responsability is this?

How

Expressão	Exemplo	Equivalência
Wide = Que largura	How wide is the board?	What is the width?
Old = quantos anos	How old are you?	What is your age
Much = Quanto	How much is it?	What is the price?
Many = Quantos	How many students came?	What was the number?
Long = Há quanto tempo	How long have you been here?	How many years?
Often = com que freqüência	How often do you go jogging	How many times?
Tall = Que altura	How tall are you?	How is your height?
Far = Que distância	How far is it?	What is the distance?
Deep = Que profundidade	How deep is the river?	What is the depth?
Long = que comprimento	How long is the room?	What is the length?
Heavy = que peso	How heavy is the athlete?	What is his weight?
Big = Que tamanho	How big is the school?	What is the size?

What........ Like -> descrição física: What is your wife like?

                                                          Tall, blonde, blue-eyed.

What............for -> Motivo: What dis  you do that for?

                                             Because I had to.

Preposições

Uso temporal e especial

In, on, at

	Tempo	Espaço
IN	Meses do ano: in July Ano: In 1995 Unidades de tempo: In a Minute                                  In two Hours                                  In 3 days Partes do dia: In the morning                       In the afternoon                       In the evening	País: Brasil Cidade Grande: In Tokyo Posições definitivas: In prison In the desert
ON	Dias da semana: On Tuesday Dias do mês: ON July 24th Dias de festa: on christmas Day	Fazenda: on a farm Ruas: on avenida paulista Prateleira, mesa: On the to shelf On the table TV: On TV
AT	Horas: At 2 o’clock Noite: At night Períodos de festas: at christmas Fim: at the end	Endereço: at 4400 Avenida Paulista Cidades pequenas: At Santa Rita Posições temporárias: at work At school At the club Sequencia: at first, at last

Sistema Verbal

Aspectos básicos

Afirmativa, Negativa e Interrogativa

- Há dois aspectos centrais para a estrutura da pergunta em inglês:

Inversão sujeito-verbo:

Are you Brazilian?

Can you speak English?

Will it happen again?

Uso de um auxiliar:

Did it go OK?

Does He know I’m here?

Quando inverte?

- To be - Can - Could - Shall - Should - Will - Would - Must - May - Might

Quais são os auxiliares?
Presente	Do ( I, you, we, they) Does (He, she, it)
Passado	Did
Passado + presente	Have  ( I, you, we, they) Has (He, she, it)
Futuro	Will
Condicional	IF
Passado Perfeito	Had

O que é um auxiliar?
É uma forma verbal com a qual fazemos perguntas e negativas
Ex: Você fala português?	Do you speak portuguese?
Ele trabalha aqui?	Does He work here?
Ela viu o filme?	Did she see the film?
Ele vai viajar?	Will He travel?

Há apenas em modo de construir a negativa verbal em inglês -> not

Negativa
Do not	Don’t
Does not	Doesn’t
Did not	Didn’t
Can not	Can’t
Will not	Won’t
Are not	Aren’t
Is not	Isn’t
Have not	Haven’t
Has not	Hasn’t
Had not	Hadn’t

Exemplos:

He doesn’t know

She won’t accept

Is isn’t here

You aren’t there

She hasn’t seen it

- há dois tipos de verbos no passado:

Regulares

Acrescenta-se ED

Talk – Talked, Talked

Stop – stopped, stopped

Irregulares

Formas múltiplas:

Speak – Spoke, spoken

Fly – Flew, Flown

Go – Went, gone

See – Saw, seen

Be – Was/ were, been

Os principais irregulares

Tradução	1	2	3
Dirigir, guiar	Drive	Drove	Driven
Fazer	Do	Did	Done
Ir	Go	Went	Gone
Esconder	Hide	Hid	Hidden
Quebrar	Break	Broke	Broken
Escolher	Choose	Chose	Chosen
Esquecer	Forget	Forgot	Forgotten
Congelar	Freeze	Froze	Frozen
Falar	Speak	Spoke	Spoken
Furtat	Steal	Stole	Stolen
Rasgar	Tear	Tore	Torn
Vestir	Wear	Wore	Worn
Começar	Begin	Began	Begun
Beber	Drink	Drank	Drunk
Soar, Tocar (campainha)	Ring	Rang	Rung
Afundar	Sink	Sank	Sunk
Nadar	Swin	swan	Swun
Bater, Vencer	Beat	Beat	Beat
Soprar, ventar	Blow	Blew	Blown
Comer	Eat	Ate	Eaten
Cair	Fall	fell	Fallen
Dar	Give	Gave	Given
Crescer	Grow	Grew	Grown
Saber	Know	Knew	Known
Ver	See	Saw	Seen
Sacudir, Balançar	Shake	Shook	Shaken
Pegar, tomar	Take	Took	Taken
Arremessar, lançar	Throw	Threw	Thrown
Sangrar	Bleed	Bled	Bled
Trazer	Bring	Brought	Brought
Construir	Build	built	Built
Queimar	Burn	Burnt	Burnt
Comprar	Buy	Bought	Bought
Pegar, apanhar	Catch	caught	Caught
Alimentar	Feed	Fed	Fed
Sentir	fell	felt	Felt
Lutar, combater	Fight	Fought	Fought
Encontrar, descobrir	Find	Found	Found
Pegar, ganhar	Get	got	Got (gotten)
Ter, possuir	Have	Had	Had
Ouvir	Hear	Heard	Heard
Guardar	Keep	Kept	Kept

Sistema de conjugação

O presente, os passados, os futuros

Compare:

Presente
Afirmativo		Interrogativo		Negativo
I	Speak	I	Do Speak	I	Don’t Speak
You		You		You
We		We		We
They		They		They
He	Speaks	He	Does Speak	He	Doesn’t speak
She		She		She
It		It		It

Passado
Afirmativo	Interrogativo	Negativo
Sujeito Spoke	Did Sujeito Speak	Sujeito Didn’t speak

Futuro
Afirmativo	Interrogativo	Negativo
Sujeito Will Speak	Will Sujeito speak	Sujeito Won’t speak

Os termos Contínuos

Afirmativo	Interrogativo	Negativo
You are speaking	Are you speaking?	You aren’t speaking
She was speaking	Was she speaking?	She wasn’t speaking

Uso dos tempos verbais

Palavras – chave

Tempo	Uso	Palavras - chave	Exemplos
Simple Present	Ação habitual	Always, usually, often, sometimes, seldom, every, once, twice.	He has tennis lessons twice a week
Present Continuous	Ação ocorrendo no momneto da fala	Now, at this moment Look! Listen!	Look! He is crossing the street
Present Perfect	Ação ocorrida em um momento indefinido no passado	Já = already Ainda – yet Alguma vez = ever Nunca = never Acabar de = just	He Has already seen this film They ahven’t understood is yet
Present perfect continuous	Ação que começa no passado e vem até o presente	Faz = for Desde = since	He has been living here for 6 months He has been teaching here since february
Simple Past	Ação ocorrida em um momento conhecido do passado	Yesterday Last Ago	I saw a good film yesterday She went to the USA last year
Past Continuous	Ação longa no passada normalmente interrompida	When While as	As I was arriving home, the fone rang
Past Perfect	Ação passada no passado antes de outro marco passado	After before	The war finished after the countries had come to na agreement
Futuro	Ação futura	Tomorrow/next	I Will be off tomorrow
Condicional	Ação hipotética	IF, Unless + simple past	I would go IF I had money

Verbos Modais ou defectivos

Atenuando posições

Uso de can, may etc.

Os verbos defectivos apresentam defeitos:

- não possuem S na 3ª pessoa do singular

- Não aceitam preposição to

- não tem forma passada ou futura

- são auto- suficientes para fazer interrogativa, bastando a inversão

Atenção

Há ainda duas expressões importantes:

Preferiria -> would rather    I would rather de sailing

Seria melhor -> Had better    had better   you’d better go.

Presente	Passado	Futuro	Funções	Tradução	Exemplos
Can	Was Were able to	Will be able to	Capacidade física, intelectual	Saber, conseguir	Can you play volley?
	-	-	Permissão informal	Poder	Can you use your phone?
	-	-	Possibilidade	Poder	This can’t be true
May	Was Were allowed to	Will be allowed to	Permissão formal	Poder	May I speak now?
	-	-	Possibilidade provável	Poder	It may happen
Might	-	-	Possibilidade remota	Pode ser que	It might happen
Must	Had to	Will have to	Obrigação necessidade	Ter que, dever	It must go now
	-	-	Conclusão lógica	Só pode ser	She must be crazy
Should / ought to	-	-	Proibição	Não pode	You mustn’t enter this área
	-	-	Conselho	Deveria	You should see a doctor

Linguagem argumentativa

Usando conectores para coesão verbal

Uso de too, also, either, neither

Palavra	Uso	Tradução	Exemplo
Also	Afirmativas, antes do verbo principal	Também	I also like him
Too	Final de afirmativas	Também	I like him too
	Antes de adjetivos/advérbios	Demais	Too late!
Either	Final de negativas	Também	I don’t know either
	Afirmativas	Ou	Either wine or beer
Neither	Afirmativas	Nem	Drink neither wine or beer

Outros conectores importantes

Função	Conector
Adversativa	But, yet, however, nevertheless, despite, in spite of, althought, thought
Causal	Because, because of, due to, owing to, for
Aditiva	And, as well, moreover, futhermore, in addition
Exemplificativa	For exaple, for instance
Conclusiva	So, therefore, then, thus
Narratativa	Then, once
Enfática	Indeed, actually, quite

Transformações verbais

Falando do objeto e reproduzindo opiniões de outras pessoas

Voz ativa e passiva: discurso direto e indireto

- na voz passiva, tanto em inglês como em português, há uma equação básica:

Tempo do verbo                                                  Tempo do verbo auxiliar ser (to be) na Principal na ativa                          =                     passiva + particípio passado

Cardinal and Ordinal numbers

1 – one

2 – two

3 – three

4 – four

5 – Five

6 – six

7 – seven

8 – eight

9 – nine

10- ten

11- eleven

12 – twelve

13 – thirteen

14 – fourteen

15 – fifteen

16 – sixteen

17 – seventeen

18 – eighteen

19 – nineteen

20- twenty

21 – twenty one

22 – twenty two

23 – twenty three

24 – twenty four

25 – twenty Five

26 – twenty six

27 – twenty seven

28 – twenty eight

29 – twenty nine

30 – thirty

31 – thirty one

40 – forty

41 – forty one

50 – fifty

51 – fifty one

60 – sixty

61 – sixty one

70 – seventy

71 – seventy one

80 – eighty

81 – eighty one

90 – ninety

91 – ninety one

100 – one houndred

1.000 – one thousand

1 st first

2 nd second

3 rd third  

4 th fourth

5 th fifth

6 th sixth

7 th seventh

8 th eighth

9 th ninth

10 th tenth

11 th eleventh

12 th twelfth  

13 th thirteenth  

14 th fourteenth

15 th fifteenth  

16 th sixteenth

17 th seventeenth

18 th eighteenth   

19 th nineteenth  

20 th twentieth

21 th twenty one

30 th thirtieth

31 st thirty first

40 th fortieth

41 st forty first

50 th fiftieth

60 th sixtieth

70 th seventieth

80 th eightieth